The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Izaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the
German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days houses were designated not by numbers but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of
Mayer Amschel Rothschild in
Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the son of
Amschel Moses Rothschild (born circa 1710),
[13] a
money changer who had traded with the
Prince of Hesse. Born in the "
Judengasse", the
ghetto of
Frankfurt, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct
business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to
Psalm 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield:
Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Unity, Integrity, Industry).
[14] Paul Johnson writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled
Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" He writes that, unlike the
court factors of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."
[15] Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by
Nathan Mayer Rothschild in London; however, more recent research by
Niall Ferguson indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including
James Mayer de Rothschild in Paris,
Carl Mayer von Rothschild in Naples and
Amschel Mayer Rothschild in Frankfurt.
[16] Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the
Jewish Encyclopedia noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the
Bischoffsheims,
Pereires,
Seligmans,
Lazards and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family..." It also states: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."
[17] Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully
arranged marriages, often between first- or second-
cousins (similar to
royal intermarriage). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.
[18] His sons were:
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